美国NRC对于公众关于日本3月11日大地震和海啸常提出的常见问题的答复1

美国NRC对于公众关于日本3月11日大地震和海啸常提出的常见问题的答复1

1）Can an earthquake and tsunami as large as happened in Japan also happen here?

1）日本发生的同样大的地震和海啸是否也会发生在这里？

This earthquake occurred on a “subduction zone”, which is the type of tectonic region that produces earthquakes of the largest magnitude.

这次地震发生在一个“俯冲带”，也这是该类型的构造区生产处理最大规模的地震。

A subduction zone is a tectonic plate boundary where one tectonic plate is pushed under another plate.

俯冲带是位于板块边界，其中一个构造板块被推向另一个板块下。

Subduction zone earthquakes are also required to produce the kind of massive tsunami seen in Japan.

俯冲带的地震也是产生日本本次大规模海啸的一个条件。

In the continental US, the only subduction zone is the Cascadia subduction zone which lies off the coast of northern California, Oregon and Washington.

在美国大陆，唯一的俯冲带就是卡斯卡迪亚俯冲带，它距北加州、俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的海岸有一段距离。

So, a continental earthquake and tsunami as large as in Japan could only happen there.

因此，美国大陆上唯一可能和日本同级的地震和海啸只能在那。

The only nuclear plant near the Cascadia subduction zone is the Columbia Generating Station.

卡斯卡迪亚俯冲带附近唯一的核电厂是哥伦比亚发电站。

This plant is located a large distance from the coast (approximately 225 miles) and the subduction zone (approximately 300 miles),

这个电厂距离海岸和俯冲带较远（距离海岸约225英里），（距离俯冲带约300英里），

so the ground motions estimated at the plant are far lower than those seen at the Fukushima plants.

因此估计电站的地面运动远远低于福岛电站的地面运动。

This distance also precludes the possibility of a tsunami affecting the plant.

这个距离还排除了影响电站的海啸（发生）的可能性。

Outside of the Cascadia subduction zone, earthquakes are not expected to exceed a magnitude of approximatly 8.

卡斯卡迪亚俯冲带以外的地区，地震预计不会超过约8级。

Magnitude is measured on a log scale and so a magnitude 9 earthquake is approximately 32 times larger than a magnitude 8 earthquake.

震级是以对数关系来衡量的， 9级地震大于比8级地震大约32倍。



2) Did the Japanese underestimate the size of the maximum credible earthquake and tsunami that could affect the plants?

2）是否日本人低估了可能影响到电站的最大可信地震和海啸规模？

The magnitude of the earthquake was somewhat greater than was expected for that part of the subduction zone.

这次地震震级有点超出预期那一部分俯冲带（的预计值）。

However, the Japanese nuclear plants were recently reassessed using ground motion levels similar to those that are believed to have occurred at the sites.

尽管如此，日本核电厂近期使用了类似于厂址发生的可信地震对应的地面运动进行了重新评估。

The ground motions against which the Japanese nuclear plants were reviewed were expected to result from earthquakes that were smaller, but were much closer to the sites.

针对日本核电厂审查的地面运动预计产生较小的地震，但更接近厂址。

The NRC does not currently have information on the maximum tsunami height that was expected at the sites.

核管理委员会目前还没有厂址预期的最大海啸的高度。

3) How high was the tsunami at the Fukushima nuclear plants?

3）福岛核电站的海啸到底有多高？

The tsunami modeling team at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Pacific Marine Environmental Lab have estimated the wave height just offshore to be approximately 8 meters in height at Fukushima Daiichi and approximately 7 meters in Fukushima Daini.

美国国家海洋和大气海洋环境实验室的太平洋海啸建模团队估计到达日本第一核电站的离开海面的波高约8m，到达第二核电站的波高为7m

This is based on recordings from NOAA's Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) buoys and a high resolution numerical model developed for the tsunami warning system.

这是基于从NOAA的深海海啸评估和报告（DART）的浮标记录和为海啸预警系统制定的高分辨率数值模型系统（判断的）。

If plant recordings exist they were not yet provided to the NRC.

也许电站记录了这一切，但他们还没有提供给美国NRC。

4) Was the damage to the Japanese nuclear plants mostly from the earthquake or the tsunami?

4）造成日本核电厂损坏的最大可能是来自地震还是海啸？

Because this event happened in Japan, it is hard for NRC staff to make the assessment necessary to understand exactly what happened at this time.

由于此事件发生在日本，NRC的工作人员很难准确评估因为需要了解当时发生了什么。

In the nuclear plants there may have been some damage from the shaking, and the earthquake caused the loss of offsite power.

在核电厂可能已出现一些地震损坏，且地震导致了外部电源失去。

However, the tsunami appears to have played a key role in the loss of other power sources at the site producing station blackout, which is a critical factor in the ongoing problems.

然而，海啸似乎已扮演看关键角色，使得其他电源失去导致了全厂失电，这一关键因素导致了后续问题（的发生）。

5) Have any lessons for US nuclear plants been identified?

5）对已鉴定的美国核电站是否有教训可言？

The NRC is in the process of following and reviewing the event in real time.

美国NRC正在实时跟踪和审查事件的相关过程。

This will undoubtedly lead to the identification of issues that warrant further study.

进一步的研究经授权后当然会在鉴定后出版。

However, a complete understanding of lessons learned will require more information than is currently available to NRC staff.

然而，一个完整的经验教训的解读比目前NRC工作人员掌握的信息要多很多。

6) Was there any damage to US reactors from either the earthquake or the resulting tsunami?

6）这次的地震或海啸是否会对美国反应堆产生危害？

No.

不会

7) How many US reactors are located in active earthquake zones?

7）有多少座美国反应堆位于地震活跃地带？

Although we often think of the US as having “active” and “non-active” earthquake zones, earthquakes can actually happen almost anywhere.

虽然我们经常认为的美国可分为“能动”和“非能动”地震带，但地震实际几乎可以发生在任何地方。

Seismologists typically separate the US into low, moderate, and high seismicity zones.

地震学家通常将美国分成低，中，高地震区。

The NRC requires that every nuclear plant be designed for site-specific ground motions that are appropriate for their locations.

核管理委员会要求每个核电厂设计成与其当地相适应的具体厂址地面运动。

In addition, the NRC has specified a minimum ground motion level to which nuclear plants must be designed.

此外，核管理委员会已指定了核电厂必须设计的地面运动的最低水平。

8) What level of earthquake hazard are the US reactors designed for?

8）什么样程度的危险地震在美国反应堆予以了设计（考虑）？

Each reactor is designed for a different ground motion that is determined on a site-specific basis.

每个反应堆按不同的具体厂址地面运动设计。

The existing nuclear plants were designed on a “deterministic” or “scenario earthquake” basis that accounted for the largest earthquakes expected in the area around the plant, without consideration of the likelihood of the earthquakes considered.

现有的核电厂均是按照“确定论地震”或“设定地震（scenario earthquake）”基准来设计的，即考虑预期在电厂周围地区会发生的最大地震，而未考虑所设定地震的可能性。

New reactors are designed using probabilistic techniques that characterize both the ground motion levels and uncertainty at the proposed site.

新的反应堆采用概率论技术来设计，即要确定地面运动水平以及在拟议厂址的不确定性。

These probabilistic techniques account for the ground motions that may result from all potential seismic sources in the region around the site.

这些概率论技术考虑厂址周围区域所有潜在震源可能产生的地面运动。

Technically speaking, this is the ground motion with an annual frequency of occurrence of 1x10-4/year, but this can be thought of / as the ground motion that occurs every 10,000 years on average.

从技术上讲，这个地面运动的年发生概率为1×10-4/年，而这可以理解为平均每10000年发生的地面运动。

One important aspect is that probabilistic hazard and risk-assessment techniques account for beyond-design basis events.

一个重要的因素是，概率危害和风险评价技术考虑超设计基准事件。

NRC's Generic Issue 199 (GI-199) project is using the latest probabilistic techniques used for new nuclear plants to review the safety of the existing plants.[see questions 16 to 21 for more information about GI-199]

NRC有关第199个共性问题（GI-199）的项目正在采用最新的新核电厂概率技术来审查现有的核电厂（见第16-21个问题中有关GI-199问题的进一步资料）。

9) What magnitude earthquake are currently operating US nuclear plants designed to?

9）目前美国运营的核电厂按照什么级地震设计的？

Ground motion is a function of both the magnitude of an earthquake and the distance from the fault to the site.

地面运动是地震震级和厂址离断层距离的函数。

Nuclear plants, and in fact all engineered structures, are actually designed based on ground motion levels, not earthquake magnitudes.

核电厂以及所有工程安全设施实际上是按照地面运动来设计，而不是按照震级来设计的。

The existing nuclear plants were designed based on a “deterministic” or “scenario earthquake” basis that accounted for the largest earthquakes expected in the area around the plant.

现有的核电厂按照“确定论地震”或“设定地震（scenario earthquake）”基准来设计的，即考虑预期在电厂周围地区会发生的最大地震。

A margin is further added to the predicted ground motions to provide added robustness.

此外，还对预测的地面运动加上一个裕度，以得到进一步稳健的结果。

10) Have events in Japan changed our perception of earthquake risk to the nuclear plants in the US?

10）日本的事件是否改变了我们对美国核电厂地震风险的认知？

The NRC continues to determine that US nuclear plants are safe.

NRC继续肯定美国的核电厂是安全的。

This does not change the NRC's perception of earthquake hazard (ie, ground motion levels) at US nuclear plants.

这不改变NRC对美国核电厂地震危害（例如，地面运动水平）的认知。

It is too early to tell what the lessons from this earthquake are.

要说从这次地震中吸取什么经验教训还为时尚早。

The NRC will look closely at all aspects of response of the plants to the earthquake and tsunami to determine if any actions need to be taken in US nuclear plants and if any changes are necessary to NRC regulations.

NRC将密切关注核电厂对大地震和海啸响应有关的所有问题，以确定美国核电厂是否需要采取什么行动以及NRC法规是否需要作出改变。