美国NRC对于公众关于日本3月11日大地震和海啸常提出的常见问题的答复2

美国NRC对于公众关于日本3月11日大地震和海啸常提出的常见问题的答复2

11) Can significant damage to a nuclear plant like we see in Japan happen in the US due to an earthquake?

11）美国的核电厂是否会发生像日本由于地震引起的那样重大损坏吗？

Are the Japanese nuclear plants similar to US nuclear plants?

美国核电厂是否和日本核电厂类似？

All US nuclear plants are built to withstand environmental hazards, including earthquakes and tsunamis.

所有的美国核电厂都建造成为可以承受包括地震和海啸在内的环境灾难。

Even those nuclear plants that are located within areas with low and moderate seismic activity are designed for safety in the event of such a natural disaster.

即使位于低和中等地震活动性地区的那些核电厂也设计成确保在这样的自然灾害事件中是安全的。

The NRC requires that NRC safety-significant structures, systems, and components be designed to take into account even rare and extreme seismic and tsunami events.

NRC要求安全重要构筑物、系统和部件设计来考虑极其罕见的和超级大地震和海啸事件。

In addition to the design of the plants, significant effort goes into emergency response planning and accident management.

除了核电厂的设计外，还在应急响应计划和事故管理方面作出重要的努力。

This approach is called defense-in-depth.

这种方法被称为防御纵深。

The Japanese facilities are similar in design to some US facilities.

日本的核电厂与某些美国的核电厂相似。

However, the NRC has required modifications to the plants since they were built, including design changes to control hydrogen and pressure in the containment.

然而核电厂建成后，NRC已经要求他们进行修改，其中包括控制安全壳内氢气和压力的设计修改。

The NRC has also required plants to have additional equipment and measures to mitigate damage stemming from large fires and explosions from a beyond-design-basis event.

NRC还要求核电厂增加设备和措施来缓解超设计基准事件引起的大火灾和爆炸产生的损害。

The measures include providing core and spent fuel pool cooling and an additional means to power other equipment on site.

这些措施包括提供堆芯和乏燃料水池冷却和现场给其他设备额外的电源补充等手段。

12) What is the likelihood of the design basis or “SSE” ground motions being exceeded over the life of a nuclear plant?

12）在核电厂的寿期内超过设计基准或“SSE”地面运动的可能性有多大？

The ground motions that are used as seismic design bases at US nuclear plants are called the Safe Shutdown Earthquake ground motion (SSE).

用作美国核电厂地震设计基准的地面运动称之为安全停堆地震地面运动（SSE）。

In the mid to late 1990s, the NRC staff reviewed the potential for ground motions beyond the design basis as part of the Individual Plant Examination of External Events (IPEEE).

在上一世纪九十年代中期，NRC工作人员审查了超设计基准地面运动（发生）的可能性，这是IPEEE（各电厂外部事件检查）的组成部分。

From this review, the staff determined that seismic designs of operating nuclear plants in the US have adequate safety margins for withstanding earthquakes.

通过这个审查，NRC工作人员确认，美国运行核电厂的地震设计有足够的安全裕度来承受地震。

Currently, the NRC is in the process of conducting GI-199 to again assess the resistance of US nuclear plants to earthquakes.

目前，NRC正在开展GI-199有关的行动，以再评价美国核电厂对抗震功能。

Based on NRC's preliminary analyses to date, the mean probability of ground motions exceeding the SSE over the life of the plant for the plants in the Central and Eastern United States is less than about 1%.

根据NRC目前的初步分析，美国中部和东部核电厂在它们的寿期内地面运动超出SSE的平均概率低于1%。

It is important to remember that structures, systems and components are required to have “adequate margin,” meaning that they must continue be able withstand shaking levels that are above the plant's design basis.

重要的是要记住，建筑物、系统和部件都要求有“足够的裕度”，这意味着它们必须能够承受超电厂设计基准的晃动水平。

13) Which reactors are along coastal areas that could be affected by a tsunami?

13）哪些沿海地区的核电厂可能受到海啸的影响？

Many nuclear plants are located in coastal areas that could potentially be affected by a tsunami.

许多核电厂位于沿海地区，它们可能会受到海啸的影响。

Two nuclear plants, Diablo Canyon and San Onofre, are on the Pacific Coast, which is known to have a tsunami hazard.

Diablo Canyon核电厂和San Onofre核电厂等位于太平洋沿岸的2座核电厂，而太平洋沿岸有可能会受到海啸的危害。

Two nuclear plants on the Gulf Coast, South Texas and Crystal River, could also be affected by tsunami.

有即South Texas核电厂和Crystal River核电厂等位于墨西哥湾的2个核电厂，也有可能受到海啸危害。

There are many nuclear plants on the Atlantic Coast or on rivers that may be affected by a tidal bore resulting from a tsunami.These include St. Lucie, Turkey Point, Brunswick, Oyster Creek, Millstone, Pilgrim, Seabrook, Calvert Cliffs, Salem/Hope Creek, and Surry.

在大西洋沿岸或河流沿岸有许多核电厂，它们可能受到海啸引起的涌潮影响。这些核电厂包括St. Lucie核电厂、Turkey Point核电厂、Brunswick核电厂、Oyster Creek核电厂、Millstone核电厂、Pilgrim核电厂、Seabrook核电厂、Calvert Cliffs核电厂、Salem/Hope Creek核电厂和Surry核电厂。

Tsunami on the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts occur, but are very rare.

海啸会在墨西哥湾和大西洋发生，但非常罕见。

Generally the flooding anticipated from hurricane storm surge exceeds the flooding expected from a tsunami for nuclear plants on the Atlantic and Gulf Coast.

通常，对于在大西洋和墨西哥海湾沿岸的核电厂，预期飓风风暴潮产生的洪水超过海啸产生的洪水。

Regardless, all nuclear plants are designed to withstand a tsunami.

无论如何，所有的核电厂都设计来承受海啸。

14) What is magnitude anyway? What is the Richter Scale?

What is intensity?



14）什么是震级？什么是里氏震级？什么是地震强度？

略

15) How do magnitude and ground motion relate to each other?

15）震级与地面运动的相互关系是怎样的？

The ground motion experienced at a particular location is a function of the magnitude of the earthquake, the distance from the fault to the location of interest, and other elements such as the geologic materials through which the waves pass.

在某一特定地点经受的地面运动是地震震级、受影响地点离断层的距离以及其他因素（例如，传输地震波的地质材料特性）的函数。

16) What is Generic Issue 199 about?

16）第199个共性安全问题（GI-199）是什么？

GI-199 investigates the safety and risk implications of updated earthquake-related data and models.

GI-199研究升级后的地震有关数据和模型的安全和风险含意。

These data and models suggest that the probability for earthquake ground motion above the seismic design basis for some nuclear plants in the Central and Eastern United States, although is still low, is larger than previous estimates.

这些数据和模型认为，美国中部和东部某些核电厂出现高于设计基准地震的地震地面运动的概率，尽管仍然很低，但高于早先的估算值。